Civil War Rifles

civil war bullet identification

Use of classical studies in delinquent subcultures discuss and explain why some young Muslims feel the need to join militant Islamic groups?

Chapter 1: Introduction

In the discussion that attempts to illustrate how young Muslims are radicalized by Islam and finally joining terrorist organizations. First focuses on Albert Cohen € ™ s work on the criminal subculture, I will look at children how young people become part of a group of criminals. Is it only the working class who are frustrated by society, who feel inferior to the middle class and create that they must reject society and create your own set of norms, values and norms. Yet this is also the middle class, the kids who feel isolated by their position in society, frustrated by the fact their parents set high standards and do not give them freedom and then ultimately becoming delinquent. Then focus on the work of Ian Buruma, who wrote â € ~ Murder in Amsterdam € ™ and look what that led to Mohammed B. murder of Theo Van Gogh. What made Bouyeri commit a criminal act? Is it that society rejected him, made him feel inferior, was jealous of Western culture, and turned to Islam for answers. Mohammed Bouyeri € ™ s frustrations are similar to that of young offenders buoy € ™ s frustrations Cohen € ™ s work. , I turn to radical loser and sexual inadequacy and see if these factors can also cause young Muslims to become Islamic extremists. Following this, then you will see what possible answers there are to fight Islamic terrorism and, finally, offer a conclusion on the issue.

Introducing the item, why the West is despised by both the Middle East? Why young Muslims to join militant Islamic groups with the purpose of committing a murder? What can these extremist groups to offer young men? Do they ™ € re frustrated by the company and believe they should take revenge against the infidels? Where is the future for other young Muslims? What are the answers to Islamic terrorism? These questions will be answered and is expected to shed some light on this difficult area.

Before turning aa these important issues just mentioned, itâ € ™ s important to first discuss a criminal subculture was performed and the leading theorist on this area was Albert Cohen, who wrote â € Delinquent Boys ~ € ™.

Chapter 2: Cohen € ™ s work on youth subcultures offenders

When we see a young group together right away the label to be diverted although it may have done nothing wrong, they ™ € re seen as misuse, malicious and not â € "utility. When one thinks of these groups of his thought that these people steal things because they want them. They want to eat, wear or use them or maybe because they can not sell stolen item. These explanations assume that possession something is an object of value, and rational choice is to steal the desired object. However in most cases of theft in criminal gangs, itâ € ™ s not because they want the valuable, but what motivates them is the robbery itself. To steal something for a career fair gives them the power and satisfaction, usually items utility has not stolen them and what never will be destroyed, removed or given away (Cohen, 1955 p25-26).

In this regard, that the theft is performed to the satisfaction, the same could be said of Islamic extremists and that the bombing of a building are not motivated, they do because they want because they can, given the power in the same way that a criminal gang steal € ™ s something worthless.

â € œUnquestionably, most criminals come from the most needy and disadvantaged and no doubt many things are stolen because they are intrinsically valuable. However, a compassionate human relationship to economic disability should not blind the fact that theft is not only an alternative means to purchase items otherwise difficult of attainment € (Cohen, 1955 p26).

You can steal then be a form of reaction? Why attract theft never steal each other? Stealing a young offender status given in the a group, steal given the recognition gives them a purpose, it makes them feel they are good at something and being in a group that avoids isolation. If then the robbery itself is not motivated by rational or utilitarian considerations, then the theft is an activity of enjoyment and fun to these bands and they find it a challenge to challenge taboos. All that matters is that the band gives a good laugh â € ~ € ™ (Cohen, 1955 p27).

â € œThe criminal subculture has rules of the larger culture, but it gets reversed. The s ™ € delinquent behavior is correct, by the norms of their subculture, precisely because it is bad by the standards of the broader culture.

â € œAnother property of the delinquent subculture of hedonism is short term, there is little interest in the long term objectives in the planning of activities and time estimates, or related activities with the knowledge and skills to be acquired only through practice, reflection and study, the band members usually congregate to any specific activity in mind, in some corner of the street, a candy store or place of regular meeting of others. Moreover, short-term hedonism is not characteristic of the criminal groups alone. It is common in all kind delinquents who typically Comea € (Cohen, 1955 p28-30).

â € œâ theory, which may explain why young men become criminals, is the theory of cultural conflict. Areas of high mobility and lack the diverse cultural unity. Diversity racial and ethnic populations have different and inconsistent standards and codes, and these regulations and codes in turn are compatible with those of schools and other representatives officers of the society. In this welter of conflicting cultures, the young man is confused and harassed. The adult world is presented without clear authority and role models. Subject to a multitude of conflicting models, which respects no one and not assimilated. He develops no respect for the legal order, as it represents a culture where there is support in their social world. It becomes delinquent € (Cohen, 1955 P33-34).

Another theory to be taken into account in relation to delinquent behavior is the â € ~ anomieâ € ™, in egalitarian societies like the United States, cultural goals as examples for everyone to succeed, as money, in America everyone has the opportunity to live the American Dream ~ € â € ™, however people can not achieve these objectives have feelings of frustration with the society where they are and have to find other ways to achieve status and achievement, crime and deviance may be an answer. This theory offers plausible explanations for the property crime of some older and smaller semi-professional thieves, however, does not take into account the non-utilitarian quality of the subculture of the above. The offender in this theory about the property you purchased, while delinquent subculture not care for material goods so this theory has no relevance in terms of the criminal subculture (Cohen, 1955 p35-36).

Who are the members of delinquent subcultures? Are they mainly work in education class individuals who know nothing more than to commit acts of crime or are middle class educated people who feel constantly frustrated with the rules and laws that must be met?

Cohen (1955 p37-38) says â € œJuvenile crime and subculture offenders, in particular, are concentrated mainly in the male working class, most of the statistical analysis of juvenile delinquency agree that overall crime is predominantly working class phenomenon. It stands to reason, however, that the correlation between juvenile delinquency and social class a statistical artifact produced by the prejudices of the police and courts. All children, regardless of social class ACTSA € undertake criminal.

The middle-class parents are more likely to worry about the achievements and to let the child know. The child must live up to its parent € ™ s expectations and did not disappoint. Your life may be dominated by parents, he is surrounded with books and educational toys, and monitor their activities, their friends and their basic living. He More than likely want to retire to bed early and be present at family meals. The middle-class child becomes dependent on his parents, he always wants his praise and affection, but this only occurs for the achievement and effort. Failure to achieve the goals set by their parents can bring their parents, abandoned him and shame that her son could not, this will cause the child to feel isolated, frustrated and ultimately crime. Even if a child class half going to succeed and live up to the expectations set by his parents, who still may grow frustrated at not being able to break the middle-class values and standards, can feel trapped, and in order to release this feeling can carry out criminal acts (Cohen, 1955 p98-99).

Unlike the middle class child, the child working class is less likely to develop overwhelming dependence on the love of children or two adults in addition to the working class can be more emotionally dependent and have more friends than the child of middle class, middle-class child may have little or no friends again and this will lead to frustration and deviance (Cohen, 1955 P101).

What causes the criminal subculture? Delinquent subculture is a response to the problems of adaptation? This problem of adaptation due to fact that working-class child shares the low status of their parents, life begins with a disadvantage and who cares what the middle class think about it. With its parent € ™ s failure is most likely to fail as well, this again comes the question of why offenders join youth subcultures? This in part can be answered here, the child will see the defects of its parent € ™ s and see no future for himself, in his mind if his parent € ™ s not then there is not much hope for him, one solution is to join a gang, which offers the acceptance, which can excel in and feel part of something. The child of the working class is most likely to cause problems because of their relative lack of training in the order and discipline, their lack of interest in intellectual performance and lack of reinforcement from his home in accordance with the requirements of the school. Its failures in the classroom are related to the fact that they € ™ re a lower social level. If the child of working class wants to win the favor of middle class people, will have to change his habits, his values, his speech and it is associated with. However, in the area that has grown not be of any benefit to him, so finally would turn back to the street corner to meet your needs. The working-class boy in his working-class area is likely to be a failure.

The people the state will treat their children to be respectful and law abiding as mentioned before, but as middle-class parents provide money, clothes, cars, etc. are trapping the children and they live up to the situation where they have been educated. It seems that some lower middle-class children have been attributed the status and low self-esteem and feelings of resentment and inferiority (Cohen, 1955 p111-116).

Many middle-class Muslims also feel this way, a sense of being inferior, rejected, isolated and frustrated, and eventually joining Islamic extremist groups to express their anger and revenge on society, this will be discussed in more detail forward.

The summary of this, Cohen (1955 p119) States, â € œit can be safely said that the working class child, especially if their training and are the values we have defined as working class, are more likely than their middle-class to find himself in the bottom of the hierarchy of state every time it moves into a middle-class world, whether adults or children. To the extent that the values of middle-class level, either because the values of the good opinion of middle class people or because he has internalized to some extent the rules of middle class itself, faces a problem of adjustment and is in the market € a solution.

When speaking of delinquent subcultures, itâ € ™ sa way of life for some members of these gangs grow and some of them become law-abiding citizens while others will graduate to the adult forms of criminality. The difference between criminals and offenders is no exposure to sub-cultures. The culture in which a person takes to ultimately decide his fate, if they ™ € re raised in a family without rules and guidelines and where not shown the love of family for the child and which is constantly put down, then get away with it and nothing to steal. A family with rules do not expose them to criminal groups. Crime is seen as a result of some attribute of the child's personality, an attribute that lack of a juvenile offender, does not own or not own in the same grade. The offender is not unlike the criminals, has been frustration, deprivation, insecurity, anxiety or mental conflicts that differ somewhat from those of non-delinquent children (Cohen, 1955 p13-15).

Cohen (1955 p16) states, â € œPsychogenic both theories classes recognize the importance of the Child ™ € s social environment in the production of character structure or adjustment problem, but give relatively little weight in determining the particular manner in which is the expression. For the first class of psychogenic theories, Id already exists at birth for all people (the id that every human being is endowed with a fund to combat innate instinctual drives or social). It is criminal from the outset and never changes. What is acquired through experience is the shell of inhibition. For the second class, as a symptom or the setting mode is artificial, or give the child itself, perhaps through one or more of the relatives of the mechanisms of substitution, regression, displacement, compensation, rationalization and projection. If other children have the same behavior because they have independently developed the same € solution.

These theories psychogenic donâ € ™ t apply to all juvenile delinquency, but offer another explanation of why and how to join groups of young offenders.

Finally, delinquent subcultures, As mentioned before in the setting, â € œthese issues are state issues, some children are denied the respectable status in society because they can not meet the criteria of the respectable status system. The delinquent subculture deals with these problems, providing criteria for the condition that these children can meet. There is, for example, that persons whose status are low positions necessarily feel deprived, wounded or ego-involved in that state low. If they go or not depends on several considerations. Who do we measure ourselves against is the crucial question € (Cohen, 1955 p121).

In the U.S., â € œchildren and adults a sense of personal worth is at stake in State matches with all other people, at least Oneâ € ™ s age and sex. This means that lower levels of status hierarchies is a chronic Oneâ motivation to raise € ™ s the position of state either trying to climb into the template system or by redefining the criteria of the situation so that Oneâ € ™ s attributes of a statute assets is presented € (Cohen, 1955 p122).

As for Muslims living in these western areas have a sense of inferiority, in a globalized world that donâ € ™ t the value of Western culture, which became radicalized Islamist groups.

The working class kid may not care what the middle class think about it, one way applies to young Western Muslims, who can not care what people think of them, but to the extent that both are sensitive to the attitudes people with whom they do surface contact, such as school friends and teachers. They can make an effort to change with the agreement, or may try to justify or explain why their inferiority in terms that exonerate them, decide that donâ € ™ t really care what they think and react with anger and aggression, in the case of young Muslims that this may be through terrorist acts (Cohen, 1955 p124).

Cohen (1955 P128) states â € œit is a plausible hypothesis, then, that working class children, whose status is lower middle class in terms of this statute is concerned that this situation confronts him with a problem of adjustment. In this adjustment problem that a variety of possible responses, including participation in the creation and maintenance of the delinquent subculture is one. Each mode of response involves costs and performances of their gratification ownâ €.

Another important function of the subculture offender is the legitimation of aggression. There is some degree of hostility between the working class to middle class, middle-class superiority and wealth frustrates the working class, class work are against middle-class standards, which in a sense is a cause of their state of frustration. This frustration is not the only cause of aggression, some may be present in other forms. This connection between the state of frustration and aggression of the criminal subculture is a plausible explanation for good behavior criminal. They are frustrated by the disadvantages and inequalities that face, this leads to the formation of reaction, were these young companies to replace the rules and replace them with their own or the alternative. Instead of fighting about money or success, join delinquent subcultures in order to steal or vandalize with In order to gain respect. The state than they receive in the range of his crime gives them a sense of status and belonging, something that society can not give. The group adopts its own means and values to exclude themselves from society. This theory explains the non-utilitarian crime such as theft of objects of any value, vandalism and crime general (Cohen, 1955 p132-135).

He noted, however Cohen (1955 P135), â € œFor most criminals, crime would not be Available as a response not to be socially legitimized and given a kind of respectability, even for a restricted community of fellow adventurers. If you feel you are prepared others to go along if someone makes a gesture first attempt then people will follow. When it comes to state of frustration. State, by definition, is a grant of respect for others. A new system of standards, which measures the situation based on criteria that can be achieved is of no value unless others are willing to apply these criteria, and others can not do that unless one is prepared to reciprocateâ €.

As mentioned before the crime also may appear in the middle-class society. A criminal subculture of middle-class values are similar aspects of the subculture of the working class, but different frustrations of the subculture of the working class. Crime in the middle class differ in the quality and frequency of what is in the working class. Again, this is another difference between the middle class and working class. You can also have different motivations to commit acts of crime (Cohen, 1955 P165-167).

â € œMale crime families who are culturally middle class is mainly an attempt to cope with basic anxiety in the field of sex identification , has the primary role of providing confidence Oneâ € ™ s essential masculinity. The motivation of working class crime is more complicated. The main problem of adjustment is in the area of ego involved state differences in a system state defined by the rules of the respectable middle-class society. The criminal subculture of the working class child is easier to succeed, and second, enabling it to retaliate against the rules whose impact on his ego has suffered, by the merit of defining otherwise in terms of rules and punishing aggression against them and those who exemplify and implement € thema (Cohen, 1955 p168).

I tried to show and answer why certain individuals involved in crime or participating in a criminal subculture. Iâ € ™ ve tried to show that a sub-culture is the result common problems in a community. I tried to explain my points across and looked at theories of social class to see if the crime is only one kind of work freak. I'ma € ™ I have also tried to show that delinquent subcultures may be the result of the adjustment. These gangs of boys who stand in loitering around street corners and shops, which are joint activities that derive their meaning and flavor of being together and governed by a set of common understandings, common sentiments and common loyalties. The delinquent subculture has similar problems to Islamic extremist groups, through the ideas of frustration, rejection and adjustment. Now concentrate on Islam and extremism and trying to answer the questions, which was first asked in the introduction.

Chapter 3: Islamic extremism: The limits of tolerance

First Islamic extremism understand itâ € ™ s relevant to first look at an example of how some Muslims are extreme, this example is the death of Theo Van Gogh and the limits of what a person will on behalf of Islam.

â € œMohammed Bouyeri was a twenty six years in Morocco Netherlands that killed the filmmaker Theo Van Gogh. In his gray raincoat and hat prayer criticized Bouyeri Theo Van Gogh off his bicycle in a sad morning in Amsterdam. Calmly shot him in the stomach, and after the victim had staggered to the other side of the street, shot him several more times, took out a curved machete, and cut his throat. Leaving the knife firmly planted in Van Gogh € ™ s chest, then pulled a smaller knife from a bag, scribbled something on a piece of paper, carefully folded the letter and pinned it to the body with this second knifeâ € (Buruma 2007 p2).

Van Gogh was a stocky man with curly blond hair. Most people in Holland than watch TV and read newspapers knew him less for his films but by his provocative statements on radio, television and Internet columns. Bouyeri victim gave her several hard hits and walked slowly as if he had done nothing wrong, without trying to escape, reload the gun, Bouyeri then entered a nearby car and shot a policeman, however Bouyeri received a bullet from his own and was arrested. This was not part of Bouyeri € ™ s plan, as he wanted to die as a martyr for his faith, this is known of the statements he made more later and the letter pinned to Van Gogh € ™ s chest. The letter, which had been pinned to Van Gogh € ™ s chest, was written in Dutch and a little Arabic, he called for a holy war against infidels, and the death of a number of persons mentioned by name. A CD is in Bouyeri € ™ s apartment with videos of over twenty murders of the enemies of Allah (Buruma 2006 P4-5).

The reason behind Van Gogh € ™ s the death was due to his insults to Islam, which was not the only religion in which Van Gogh insulted also insulted the Jews and Christians. Several politicians and figures Public crossed Van Gogh was slowly dying of terrible diseases. When Van Gogh insulted the Muslims speak of the constant abuse of calls they € ~ € ™ goat fuckers. Van Gogh was a constant need for attention that was not enough for him to be a well-regarded director, he was hungry for advertising, personal attacks may have been inspired by envy envy less care issue. The short film entitled Submission of Van Gogh and Ayaan Hirsi Ali, shows a woman about to kneel on a prayer rug. The camera then pans slowly from head to toe, exposing the her naked body under the thin fabric of her burqa, the film then quotes the draft of the Koran on the naked bodies of young women. The text aims the submission of women, submission to his parents, brothers, husbands and to God. For many Muslims this was a deliberate provocation. Van Gogh knew that people didnâ € ™ t enjoy his films and his abuse, but never imagined that someone would kill her. He made the mistake of assuming that the rest of the world do not meddle in his scene of Amsterdam (Buruma 2007 P91-98).

Bouyeri was of Moroccan origin, like many in Amsterdam most of them in the Netherlands Berbers are not Arabs from the remote villages in the mountains of Rif, Moroccan immigrants lack many things that can give them a feeling of not belonging. Women are usually illiterate, and both sexes are very suspicious and often is in the lower classes of society and poverty. They must try to fit into a European society that donâ ™ € t understand, but also try to stay true to their homeland. Those who try to succeed through intelligence, hard work and good luck in Dutch society often very good. Those who donâ ™ € t often adrift in a world of gang violence and juvenile crime, the most vulnerable are people who have blocked his ambitions despite trying to fit in a Dutch company. Anything can trigger a mood of violence and self-destruction, a job offer withdrawn, a subsidy is not granted, many doors closed in Oneâ € ™ s face. This man was Mohammed B. who adopted Islamic extremism and decided to join a war against the society in which he felt excluded. This sense of belonging did not lead to a murder (2007 Buruma p22-23).

There are many young men in society who feel the same way as Mohammed Bouyeri that have no place in Western society, leaving them isolated. Some young Muslims using the Internet can download the English translations of Arabic, since they are separated from their culture and traditions. Many people who see themselves as Muslims becomes reality to religion and believe they are fighting a revolutionary war. The murder of Theo Van Gogh is not the only exposure to Islam is present in European nations. The bombings in London and Madrid and protest throughout the Muslim world against cartoons of the Prophet in a Danish newspaper exposed and stressed that these dangerous fractures that run through many European nations. Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world and win converts in the West (Buruma 2007 p35).

Why these young Muslims living in the Western world are frustrated and isolated, which causes this? â € CERN, this may be answered here. Schizophrenia was seen as a logical response, but this condition does not appear to affect immigrants first generation, was the second generation of Moroccans, born and educated in the Netherlands who has schizophrenia. A young Moroccan male of the second generation was ten times more likely to be schizophrenic in a native Dutchman from a similar economic background. There are several explanations for these alarming figures. A sense of humiliation may be a factor, or the fact that immigrants tend to visit a psychiatrist only when things have reached a crisis. However, these explanations are correct. The problem lies in the adaptation of a society strictly regulated to a more open more open, which can lead to the disintegration of personality. The pressure to assimilate is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Men suffer more than women because they have more freedom to interact with key Western society. When the integration process goes too fast, when the son of Moroccan villagers they move into the maelstrom of bewildering Western temptations of their cognitive wiring can go wrong awryâ € (Buruma 2007 p121).

Girls or young women have the opposite problem. Who have to live with many traditional limitations, the old order still exists for many of them, so long more freedom. Religion for women is seen as a factor stability, without it there would be no rule for them and could do as they please. Muslim men prefer to marry girls from the country, girls Western society is seen as unstable and threatening. Many Muslim girls end up marrying non-Muslims and young Muslims men become jealous of this Western culture, but also encourages women to dump their traditional attire. Western culture offers freedom, offers a culture without barriers of religion and equality (Buruma 2007 p122).

Why is the case in Western society that immigrants and especially Muslims are very suspicious? Since 9 / 11 attack on America, they are all Muslims as potential terrorists, and can not be trusted. Many of them are not guilty just because of the terrible images of the twin towers, but the collapse of the images on television of young Muslims dancing with joy. Before the attacks against the United States, Muslims had a good education trust its future in Western society and felt he belonged, that was the low education and working class who felt isolated. This changed with the terrorist atrocities, and educated young Muslims began to feel less isolated because they were being discriminated against. This leads to aggression and self-hatred, resulting finally in the self-destruction (Buruma 2007 p139).

Buruma (2007 p140) â € œargues frustrated well-educated Muslims to prove its existence, it themselves and the world, people sometimes join a revolutionary cause, or embark on a mission to spread the word of God. Others, even more desperate, can make a spectacular crime, like the gods of vengeance, killing a famous person, or shooting at random into the terrified crowd. Some lost souls, in order to feel truly alive, to demonstrate their individuality, he has to kill the process: the suicide as the ultimate act of will. These are the most dangerous â € ~ radical losers € ™, murderers alone can not bear to live with them longer and want to drag the world down with € Thema.

The radical loser looked at more closely in detail later. Itâ € ™ s not only in Western society that radical Muslims hate, but also culture. Muslims watching Hollywood movies to see a vision of freedom. See young people kissing and showing no fear sexual feelings for each other, something that is forbidden to Muslims. Young Muslims of jealousy of Western culture growing up hating the fact that they can not do what they please. They become sexually frustrated and blame the West for a life unmanageable. For many Muslims, there seems to be an obsession with virginity. This value is attributed to virginity that people are blind to disasters social and human resulting from this obsession. Men in Muslim cultures are regarded as irresponsible when it comes to sex and often they will lose their self control when they see women, hence the need for veils, which keeps out of sight. In the west were there is not like many Muslim women and Western women more revealing Muslim men become sexually frustrated often sometimes participate in the rape and turn their frustration in acts of terrorism (Buruma 2007 P146-147).

â € œWhy was the case after Mohammed Bouyeri who was neither poor nor oppressed, who had received a decent education, a man who never had trouble making friends who enjoyed smoking drugs and drinking beer, why perhaps men in a holy warrior whose only desire was to kill, and perhaps more mysterious die? It's the same question people asked after the subway bombings in London, triggered by similar youths who played cricket, had girlfriends, went to the tavern. All we know is that those who murdered in the name of Allah and his prophet € (Buruma 2007 P193).

Mohammed had begun to reject Western values around February 2003, in October began to reject the democratic state and its legal institutions. Then, in March 2004 called for a jihad against global democracy. Finally, in July called for violence against those who had insulted Islam and the prophet. This accumulation of their release the aggression comes from his past in which there is an accumulation of disappointment and frustration. His first disappointment came in 1994 when the youth club he visited frequently would be closed to make way for new apartment building. Then another group in November 1997, when he got into a fight with a number of police in Amsterdam. When asked a security job that was rejected because of their negative police report. He never knew his first girlfriend and possibly only, but this did not last long time, attracting women was easy for Muhammad. This rejection became violent, blame it on racism. Ultimately, Bouyeri led to murder Van Gogh (Buruma 2007 p197-200).

â € œWhile many women face Western life, men, given the rejection and frustration, a fantasy back of rectitude and honor tribal religious. The desire of adolescence for easy women, gives way to disgust and rage € (Buruma 2007 P201).

Mohammed was trying to exclude Western culture despite their native dialect was Dutch, not Arabic. Islam is a new identity and it would Islam that protects against all hostile forces around him. It gave a sense of power, meaning, a sense of belonging and he would live by Islam alone. Muhammad wrote the deed often strange you placed on the Internet, saying how they are slaves to Western culture and entertainment are seduced by the dance bars and casinos. Muslims also were slaves to Western culture, but rescue was at hand, the knights of Islam would rise from the Netherlands and the Netherlands would be the cradle of religious revolution. Mohammedan € ™ s problem with democracy is how people become sinful pleasures to immoral, could not be free in society, this made him frustrated in his mind, has to destroy the civilization that had tormented him (Buruma 2007 P216-218).

â € CERN confused mind of Mohammed B., then, passed a current of European anti-liberalism combined with deep self-righteous moralism and Islamist revolutionary passion. This explosive mixture gave her a reason to kill enemies who stood in the way of his vision of world salvation. The targets of his wrath could be pretty random, a security guard in an office local welfare, who threatened to murder Mohammed, the entire Dutch peoplee € (Buruma 2007 p219).

Having completed this, in most Western society may not always be Muslims living in society. For some, religion provides rules of behavior, responding to questions of what is morally right and wrong, can give people a sense of pride. The rules may be questionable and open answers to the challenge, but people should be free to working on these issues for themselves. Moreover, in the case of Mohammed Bouyeri religion can also feed hatred and become a source of political violence (2007 Buruma P260).

â € œAmsterdam or any other major city in Europe is now linked through an instant communication network a world revolutionary movement based on an extremist and largely modern interpretation of Islam. To join this movement was the election of Mohammed Bouyeri. As all forms of political life abiding citizens from violence, this is unsustainable, not only from the perspective of secular law, but from the perspective of the majority of Muslim believers. There may be many more who want to participate in his criminal case, but that choice depends partly on how they are treated by the country at birth, and this depends on the choice: whether to accept an orthodox Muslim as a free citizen of a European paas € man (Buruma 2007 P260-261).

By using the example of the murder of Theo Van Gogh, and closely watching Mohammed B., clearly say that it is part of society, which helps create the terrorists of today. The idea of frustration, rejection and disappointment, creating overtime, bursts into an unstable form of aggression and violence against society in which made them feel isolated. Mohamed B. could not tolerate the society in which he lived so he took action to change society, and with the help of Islam to protect him, went in a criminal case in the name of Allah and the prophet, which he believed would lead to martyrdom.

Chapter 4: Sexual frustration and the â € ~ radical loser € ™

He now focuses on the ideas sexual frustration and the radical loser, which were briefly mentioned earlier, can sexual inadequacy or deprivation turn angry young men into murderers. According to Buruma (2006 P1) â € œdoes masturbation lead to suicide bombings? One would say no. There is no direct link to suicide bombing than to blindness or schizophrenia. But there may be a connection between sexual inadequacy or frustration and attraction to violent extremism. Sexual deprivation may be a factor in the current wave of suicidal violence, unleahed for the Palestinian cause as well as revolutionary Islamism. The tantalizing prospect of having Oneâ € ™ s selection of most beautiful virgins in paradise is deliberately dangled in front of young men trained for violent death, and even those who are not trained to kill and die often live in authoritarian societies where sex before marriage is strictly forbidden, in which women outside the family home must not only be untouchable, but invisible. Access to MTV, Internet, movies, and global advertising reinforces the notion that westerners live in a degenerate garden of sinful delights. This makes the million of young Arabs even harder to bear, and can provoke a mixture of anger and envy. Once in a while, this rage will explode into orgies of violence carefully orchestrated. It is said that Mohammed Atta visited a striptease bar before crashing a plane into the Twin Towers. Perhaps he craved one nibble at the forbidden fruit before earthly extinction. The fact that it was forbidden, repulsive but also terribly seductive scored his point of view of women in general. He made it clear in his will that he did not want any women to defile his grave with his presenceâ €.

This does not mean that sexual frustration leads directly to mass murder. But it can not be dismissed as a factor, itâ € ™ s is assumed that young men are better fighters when they are deprived of sex, the same can be said football players, their wives often are allowed to see before matches for the men to perform better, sex is a reward when defeated the enemy. Extremism is the loser ™ € s revenge on society (Buruma 2006 p2).

He now focuses on the radical loser, not violence terroism and decay, the loser is an isolated individual. The path of humanity is organized around the notions of globalization, competition and capitalism, the number of losers increase every day. They feel disconnected from society and members of that society. The loser accepts his fate and isolated, becomes invisible, saving your energy, and knowing that one day your time will come and people in society will pay. The radical loser must take an active role, it must be said to be a loser and nothing else a loser. You have to be convinced that life is evil, it ends, it makes you feel depressed and sad (Enzensberger 2005 Part 1)

Enzensberger (2005 PART 1) € œstates that since the attack on the World Trade Center, political scientists, sociologists and psychologists have been searching in vain for a predictable pattern. Neither poverty or experience of political repression alone seem to provide a satisfactory explanation of why young people actively seek death in a bloody end and a great goal to have as many people as possible with them.

No one pays to mind the radical loser if you do not have to. And the feeling is mutual. While he's alone, and is very lonely, no hits. Appears discreet, silent, a sleeper. But when it does draw attention to himself and goes into the statistics, then unleashes consternation bordering on shock. By its very existence reminds the others of what little it would take to put in his position €.

Identifying the radical loser is a difficult thing, which is unpredictable and out of hundreds of people in cities and towns, hospitals and offices, the loser keeps his ideas to himself, can prove anything, shut up and wait time. This is why people fear this kind of person can identify anything about him, nobody knows when it will explode, no one knows when he will perform his acts of blood revenge. What causes the explosion is unclear. His wife is bothering you, an argument in the pub, rejected job applications, noisy neighbors. When exploited although it intends to take as many as possible in order to accelerate its own end (Enzensberger 2005 Part 1).

The loser goals to which he sees as a threat and who are out to get him. The usual suspects are foreigners, communists, Americans, big corporations, politicians, unbelievers, and of course the Jews. When I loser destroys itself, for a moment the loser has a feeling of real power, his power being that can destroy people. This act of armed force puts the outside world involved in their criminal activities, the outside world that made him isolated and become a radical loser for the first time, want to know everything about him and the media makes sure everything is granted the clock coverage and advertising. Television broadcasts propaganda for his act, making it possible to perform other similar acts of violence (Enzensberger 2005 Part 1).

Enzensberger (2005 part 2) â € says œbut what happens when the radical loser overcomes his isolation, when socializing, there is a loser at home, which can not expect understanding but also recognition, a group of people like him who receives it, who need it? Then the destructive energy that lies within it multiplies. The radical loser has no concept of conflict resolution, compromise, which may involve him in a normal network of interests and defuse their energy destructive. The most desperate of his project, the most fanatic clings to it. There is reason to suspect that Hitler and his followers were not interested in victory, but in the radicalization and perpetuate their own status as losers. The radical loser is never going to disappear, he is still among us, in every continent, and there are leaders who welcome him with open armsâ €.

As a radical loser is convinced that he is one, regardless of their own lives and the lives of others in society. They also have no regard for his own followers and often they will end the kidnapping and murder of people trying to help a poor region such as doctors, teachers and aid workers. Many losers in the world thought it might have for the world, but most of these losers and crowds could not keep pace with globalization. Instead, they terrorize their local clientele. Only a violent movement has been able to act globally, Islam (Enzensberger 2005 Part 2).

â € œIslamism is conducting large-scale attempts to deflect the power of religious faith in a world with around of 1.3 billion believers that not only is still very much alive, but that even in purely demographic terms is also expanding in all continents. The ideology of Islamism is an ideal vehicle for mobilizing radical losers because of the way in merging the religious, political and social. Contrary what the West seems to believe, the destructive power of Islamist actions is directed mainly against Muslims. In Algeria alone, Islamist terror has cost the lives of at least 50,000 fellow Algerians. Other sources say up to 150,000 deaths, although the military and secret services were also involved. In Iraq and Afghanistan, also, the number of Muslim victims far exceeds the number of deaths of foreigners. Moreover, terrorism has been very damaging not only to the image of Islam, but also the lives of Muslims around the worldâ € (Enzensberger 2005 Part 2).

The Islamists have no regard for his fellow believer, in the eyes of the Islamists that most Muslims never blow themselves and others, shows that they do not deserve to live. The aim of radical loser is that many other people losers, not many people want to be in your group, so the loser thinks they are a special chosen few. The Islamic movement however, has been able to recruit many activists around the world with their promises.

Another point to note is that in the Arab world, not pride is often damaged by the military inferiority to the West. They also feel less intellectual and not a single noteworthy invention has been made by the Arabs in the past 400 years. Furthermore, even with the huge amount of oil that is in many Arab states, could not reap the benefits without the invention and Western experience in oil extraction. His wealth is a constant reminder of their dependence on the West. This will produce losers wounded pride radical and extremist Islamists (Enzensberger 2005 Part 2).

This dependence on the West also extends to Islamist terrorism. Firearms, explosives, cell phones, televisions and airplanes are all brought from the West despised. This dependency often showa € ™ s the Islamists that their own culture is a little behind in terms of economics, politics, technology and sexual preferences. With this embarrassment of their own culture, they may have to punish those who live in the West advanced because of their own and their Aquaculture € ™ s fault (Enzensberger 2005 Part 2)

Enzensberger (2005, Part 2) argues â € œThe energy destructive radical losers is certainly enough to kill thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians and cause lasting damage to the civilization in which war was declared. Basically, they would like most of the Planet ™ € s inhabitants, all infidels and apostates, to surrender or be killedâ €.

To conclude this, the ever present danger of a human bomb into a crowd of people has meant the daily controls and new passed laws trying to prevent this situation from occurring. These controls are seen mainly at airports, seaports, shopping centers, indeed in any place that potential terrorists could target. These precautions have seen an increase in fear among the general public. Moral panic about terrorism have been created by the media, which is causing panic. The UK government tried to counter this act of panic by introducing new laws such as the Terrorism Act 2006 and the fight against terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 which provides greater powers to investigate terrorist activities and bring the perpetrators to justice. The Islamists may believe that their terrorist attacks have given them victory, but even with the attacks on the World Trade Center, Madrid and London, most of the cities were back to normal within days. The Stock Exchange of New York reopened on Monday after the attacks and the London tube was running as soon as possible. There is no victory for Islamist terrorists, but their country of Arab origin who suffer devastating long-term effects, eg the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. People living in Arab societies will have to pay for the actions of terrorists killed in the West (Enzensberger 2005 Part 2).

This notion that the radical loser, who converted to Islam and wants to destroy humanity, and to rid the world. Has little chance to succeed in your search. As mentioned earlier, this does not matter, the more difficult the mission becomes more extreme in their beliefs. In a global society that constantly produces new losers, something that will always be present in society and is something we will have to live with (part Enzensberger 2005 2).

To sum up on this question of why some young Muslims to join Islamic terrorist groups? I tried to show that some young Muslims are motivated by anger, frustration and hatred toward those who see it as the oppressors, the West is the main oppressors. They feel humiliated the West, its people and their religion. Itâ € ™ s not just the poor communities struggling to survive without employment opportunities that are good breeding grounds for terrorism. Many funds Terrorists are well-educated middle class who also are frustrated by society, but for them there is frustration comes from racism, and that is the distrust of society, even if they are well educated, racism becomes isolated and ultimately can lead to these Islamic groups. Islam gives these people to a single purpose, feel they belong somewhere. Majority of suicides within the Islamic tradition, they are mostly single and young, and commonly men are. Islamic terrorist groups are united, first recruit, train on an arsenal of guns and bombs and supporters at all levels. When the time and commit acts of revenge are treated like heroes, this time of revenge but that will take years of planning, for September 11; years had devoted to planning and preparation. These acts of rage and terror would not exist if groups like al-Qaeda and Hamas does not train individuals and support (Sookhedo 2004 p173-174).

â € œFinally then the logic is that the frustrated youth who have no other way to change their situation and no other purpose to motivate themselves, are likely to find terrorism an attractive option. They have nothing to lose and potentially could earn personal glory and play a role in the advent of true Islamic state, which they see as the solution to all ills. Lack of education, it is argued, makes them more susceptible to the rhetoric and persuasion of terrorist organizations. While there is certainly truth in this, we must remember that many Islamic terrorists are rich and good education. Many have been educated to tertiary level in the West, poverty and deprivation can be a factor contributing to the achievement of an Islamic terrorist, but rarely is the only Factora € (Sookhedo 2004 P174).

Chapter 5: Responses to Islamic terrorism

What could be the answer to Islamic terrorism? What can be done to resolve the increasingly hostile relationship between the West and Islam? According Sookhedo (2004 p202) â € CERN to address Islamic terrorism effectively, greater surveillance and penetration of networks between Muslim communities is vital. It's networking group, which gives them their strength, so they must Efforts to isolate groups from each other, and prevent the flow of funds. The strategies are available to deal with Islamic terrorism. One of the first strategies could be considered is the elimination. By killing all known terrorists and their groups of crushing this is certainly a good strategy on terrorism, without But it is not, because of the way in which terrorists are interrelated, to eliminate the leaders of Islamist groups is very unlikely and will have no effect on the movement as a whole. Even if this method is considered acceptable, could not be permanently effective. Sooner or later remerging terrorism that, as Muslims individual examined the roots of Islam, given a particular interpretation, and make their own decisions to return to the violence of the early days of his Faitha €.

Another strategy is the improvement of poor economies in Muslim regions. Islamic terrorism can thrive in impoverished areas of employment, poor education and low, and many young Muslims feel they have no hope and are frustrated. To resolve this problem of an injection of aid in the poorest regions would allow Muslims development and improvement of the economy, which could see the end of militant Islam. However, many Islamic terrorists are neither poor nor uneducated, many leaders of these groups came from wealthy middle class. Osama Bin Laden, for example, is rich and funds much of Al-Qaedaâ € ™ s activities outside of their own pockets. Without But this strategy of economic assistance may mean that fewer people are interested in becoming terrorists (Sookhdeo 2004 P208).

Another strategy thinking is the denial of human rights. â € CERN Western democracies the method of the brutal repression is not an option, therefore, centers flowering of radical Islam, which now exist in the Western world, the direction and financing of terrorist activities. The West can do to control more or limit these activities is a suspension of certain rights, allowing, for example, detention of suspects without trial and rendition flights. For these methods to be accepted and viable requires overwhelming public support, which in turn requires an awareness of the threat of Islamic terrorism € (Sookhedo 2004 p207).

A potential final strategy to consider is the reform of Islam. If terrorism is to be treated at home, Islam has undergone a change and transformation. In the long run would be that the only way to end Islamic terrorism is the reform of the teachings of Islam with regard to war and violence. Some Muslims have embraced the concept of change and request that the origins of their faith to be reinterpreted in light of modern standards of human rights, freedom and democracy. For real change and ongoing and widespread, the central institutions of Islam should be involved so that they may involve reform. After suicide bombings in Saudi Arabia on May 12 2003, which killed civilians in Saudi, it is reported that Saudi Arabia intends to formally create a commission to reconsider the concept of jihad in the Islam (2004 Sookhdeo P214-215).

Of these strategies mentioned the most likely, with the best hope in the long period of Islamic reform is immediate, a non-violent method that has the potential to permanently eliminate the threat of Islamic terrorism. This method is closely linked to undermine the terrorist ™ € s motivation for theological statements. Without a fuel theology, Islamic terrorism will eventually wither and die.

â € cone œThe nonviolence Islam would now rests on its base, stable and very difficult to knock down. Consequently, individuals who interprets the traditional sources had a problem trying to get a following general Muslim public. In trying to promote a reform of Islam, resulting in the elimination of its tradition of violence, the West would move toward a strategy that begins to address the underlying causes of ideology rather than simply to combat the many people. It is vital that West must begin to actively support the Muslims who seek reform and challenge the leaders of the Muslim world to urgently take up this cause. Such a strategy could isolate and other Muslim militants from their base of support among the broader Islamic society. This method, however, must be undertaken carefully, such as intervention West in the affairs of Muslims, especially Muslim theology would be seen by many Muslims as being in itself a justification for violent jihad. This dual approach, with some going towards the fulfillment of certain grievances of Muslims, may offer the possibility of a more peaceful € futureâ (Sookhdeo 2004 P217-218).

Chapter 6: Conclusion

In conclusion, I tried to show how young Muslims involved in Islamic terrorist groups. Looking first at Albert Cohen € ™ s work on delinquent subcultures that was able to demonstrate a link that many working-class buoy € ™ s who are frustrated by their position in society and who feel lower for others, form their own groups with their own rules, which do not obey the law-abiding society. That donâ t ™ € steal because they want it, itâ € ™ s not the theft of an object that motivates them, but the theft itself, even if the object has a value. This may be linked to Islamic terrorism, Muslims frustrated young people also feel inferior by society, rejected by a society that discriminates because of their color or their clothing. Islam radicalized them, and as the subcultures young offenders, but in a more violent acts carried out in revenge for the shooting of civilians and often carry out youth suicide bombings. frustrated Muslims are similarly motivated, but they differ on a larger scale, that really does not matter who dies, just want to bring down as many infidels as possible and be hailed as a martyr, when ultimately meet his death.

Society and culture in which one is born will never have a lasting effect on a person. A culture that rejects people, makes people € ~ â € ™ produce losers people looking for a group that are accepted as â € ~ losers € ™ often Islam is the answer to these young Muslims. Inadequate sex is another key factor in explaining explains the frustration and the inferiority of Muslim youth.

Islam in its classical interpretation has difficulty coexisting with the modern world. This coexistence will be a problem unless Islam can examine itself and make changes. No matter how much is done to improve the socioeconomic situation of the Muslim population poor, no matter how carefully the West tries to avoid causing any kind of humiliation that could cause psychological harm to Muslims, which will be grounds for Muslims to wage war against non-Muslims, unless Islam itself can change (Sookhedo 2004 P222).

States Hoffman (1995 P225) â € œ the message of Islamic fundamentalism is able to attract a broad spectrum of society, because it relates to the basic beliefs of Islam, shared by the vast majority of the population, to solve these basic problems such as identity, morality and the economy in a rapidly changing society. In an era when secular solutions have been discredited by the failures and the repression of the previous governments, when the rapid modernization meant the introduction of new social problems are seen as moral, the promise of an Islamic global solution is attractive, even if doubts concerning the details are expressed by many. Many Muslims view religion as the main force in society, without religion human beings turn into animals. Moreover, given the severity of the anxiety caused by the problems of modern urban society, as long as Muslim fundamentalists are not allowed to test their actual application solutions, it is unlikely that these movements shall terminate. Government repression has failed to eliminate Islamic fundamentalism, in part because itâ € ™ s ideological legitimacy, and partly € because religious meetings can not be outlawedâ.

â € œAlthough the dilemmas of identity and alienation are more deeply felt by young people, and as the fundamentalists are moving into middle age may leave some of their earlier dogmatism, there is a standing group of new recruits to take their place. The economic policies that reduce the gap between rich and poor can help defuse a potentially volatile situation, but not, by themselves, eliminate incentives for finding solutions to society islama € (Hoffman, 1995 P225).

In addition to â € itâ € œIslamism depends ™ s following the paranoid perception that the West is virulently anti-Islamic. This perception is reinforced when Western governments that support schemes that systematically violate the rights of their subjects. At the same time, the manifestations of public opinion behind the schemes assessed under Western attack, however repressive they are. Islamic solidarity always operates negatively, rarely positively € (Ruthven 2002 P288).

The threat posed by terrorism Islam is greater than it has ever been, with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is taking place, young Muslims to be forever frustrated with the Western presence in their home countries. If peace is ever going to happen, then withdrawal of troops from these countries will be a good start to rebuilding Muslim societies. Freedom and democracy must be the key factors in the reconstruction, not live by the law of God. Let the people decide how they want Muslims to be governed, without Western influence, frustration and violence against Western countries may one day cease to exist (Ruthven 2002 291).

However, Hoffman argues (1995 P225) â € œalthough outside are often violent as â € ~ Crazy € ™, the words of the fundamentalists often make a good deal of sense for many people. It is unlikely that for some time to come people easily dismiss as irrelevant to Islam € life social and political life.

The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth (Modern War Studies) List Price: $29.95 Sale Price: $21.86 You save: $8.09 (27%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours Average Rating: Description The Civil War's single-shot, muzzle-loading musket revolutionized warfare--or so we've been told for years. Noted historian Earl J. Hess forcefully challenges that claim, offering a new, clear-eyed, and convincing assessment of the rifle musket's actual performance on the battlefield and its impact on the course of the Civil War. Many contemporaries were impressed with the new weapon's increased range of 500 yards, compared to the smoothbore musket's range of 100 yards, and assumed that the rifle was a major factor in prolonging the Civil War. Historians have also assumed that the weapon dramatically increased casualty rates, made decisive victories rare, and relegated cavalry and artillery to far lesser roles than they played in smoothbore battles. Hess presents a completely new assessment of the rifle musket, contending that its impact was much more limited than previously supposed and was confined primarily to marginal operations such as skirmishing and sniping. He argues further that its potential to alter battle line operations was virtually nullified by inadequate training, soldiers' preference for short-range firing, and the difficulty of seeing the enemy at a distance. He notes that bullets fired from the new musket followed a parabolic trajectory unlike those fired from smoothbores; at mid-range, those rifle balls flew well above the enemy, creating two killing zones between which troops could operate untouched. He also presents the most complete discussion to date of the development of skirmishing and sniping in the Civil War. Drawing upon the observations and reflections of the soldiers themselves, Hess offers the most compelling argument yet made regarding the actual use of the rifle musket and its influence on Civil War combat. Engagingly written and meticulously researched, his book will be of special interest to Civil War scholars, buffs, re-enactors, and gun enthusiasts alike. This book is part of the Modern War Studies series. Features ISBN13: 9780700616077 Condition: New Notes: BUY WITH CONFIDENCE, Over one million books sold! 98% Positive feedback. Compare our books, prices and service to the competition. 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed Reviews Interesting history but very little personal experience to back it up by Charlie LURP from on 2010-04-22 The author seems to be totally convinced a smooth bore musket is as accurate at 100 yards as a rifled musket. Not once did he give any proof that he had personally fired either to determine this. Either weapon is easily available today in historically accurate reproductions. A smooth bore musket ball may have adequate force at 100 yards and a large group of troops firing volleys would no doubt hit a number of their enemy by sheer luck. That is not the same as an individual solider singling out his target and carefully firing at him. I've fired both weapons I know which musket I would put my faith in. The fact the troops did not receive proper marksmanship training with the rifled musket doesn't make the smoothbore a superior weapon. It just means training should have been improved. A book about firearms by a firearms neophyte by D. Novak from Chicagoland on 2009-11-14 Hess's book is an interesting compendium of anecdotes about Civil War soldiers' relationships to their weapons. It is based on a diligent survey of original and second source literature. It is, however, based on little understanding of actual firearms. Hess also seems to lack an understanding of real world military technique, except as described by others. This is a common failing in book historians.His justifiably reviled statement about parabolic trajectory is a result of this lack of understanding. The only reason the parabolic trajectory is not a problem with a smoothbore, is that you can't hit anything at range, so you never shoot at long range. Parabolic trajectory and dead zones is a problem with modern ammunition as well. If Hess had researched modern literature, he would have understood this. Hess correctly recognizes that the problem requires training to fix; training that was generally absent during the Civil War.Hess states that the muzzle velocity of the .58 rifle musket was inferior to that of the older smoothbores. Others, who have actually fired the weapons over a chronograph, indicate otherwise. Hess relishes complaints of the .58's mighty kick without wondering how a weapon that throws a heavier ball at the same velocity would kick less. Maybe our revolutionary forbears were made of stouter stuff than the Civil War weenies. Or more likely, Soldiers have been complaining about recoil until the M16 came along. The venerable British Martini of a later period was described by Tommy Atkins as "The rifle that kills at both ends.""The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat" would have been a far better book, had Hess taken the time to pick up a good replica 1795 or Brown Bess Musket and a replica 1858 Rifle Musket, taken them to the range, and pounded his shoulder to pulp. Fire them over a chronograph. Learn the drill of loading and firing. Do the shooting. Do the boring statistics. It is inexcusable to write a review of an obtainable weapon without actually having used it.Hess reviews the butcher bills of Civil War, Revolutionary, and Napoleonic battles, and compares the casualty rates. But without an analysis, even a superficial analysis, of what caused these casualties, the raw numbers mean little. Livy reported that 45,500 foot soldiers were killed at Canae. Does that imply that the sword and spear were superior to the machineguns and artillery of The Somme?What could have been a great book, a standard reference in the field, is merely a good book. It's a shame.Beware of writing books about firearms. The firearms world is filled with people who will argue with you. Pity the Civil War scholar by Patrick L. Boyle from Oakland on 2009-04-11 I read that there were something like six thousand books on the Civil War. So I realized that I would never be a 'real' Civil War expert.Now that I have read this book I have developed some compassion for those poor SOBs who are professional Civil War scholars. Every sensible issue has long been throughly discussed. In order to write something 'new' a scholar must search for a new perspective - a nugget of new truth is this well scrutinized ground.Hess states his thesis in the first sentences of the prolog. Before the war experts expected that the rifled musket would allow engagements at several hundred yards - far more than the 50 yards engagement distance of smoothbores. In fact the rifled musket was used by main battle lines at only about 60-70 yards. That's it. That's the whole point of the book.Hess also indulges in what another reviewer called "voodoo balistics". He thinks that a rifle's projectile follows a parabolic trajectory but that a smoothbore musket's ball flies level. He claims that the soldiers inevitably fired over the heads of the enemy with the new rifles because they never understood this fact(?).I know this thesis is wrongheaded because Hess himself proves it in subsequent chapters.The real revolution was not in rifling so much as it was is ammunition. The Minnie ball was a fast loading projectile. Rifles has been around for centuries but they had always had the trade off of accuracy for rate of fire. The Minnie ball suddenly erased the speed penalty of the muzzle loading rifle. Its introduction was expected by the experts of the day to revolutionize the battle field - and it did - just not in the way they had predicted. With smoothbore muskets and linear tactics the engagement didtance was about 50 yards or less. Some expected that with rifles that didtance would be 100 or 200 hundred yards. Hess's point is that this expectation proved wrong as indeed it did. But so what? The rifle had many other profound effects.Hess's book has a chapter on snipers. Remember there is no such thing a a sniper with a smoothbore gun. Hess's book also has a chapter on skirmishers. Again skirmishing requires rifles. Infantry men operating alone or in small groups couldn't be effective with smoothbores. Muskets were always used in massed groups. He has chart after chart showing skimishers and snipers engaging at great distances: 200, 500, 800, 1500, and 2000 yards. Compare that with his statistic of smoothbore accuracy. At 62 yards less than half of shots hit the target - a target that was 5.5 feet wide and 10 feet tall (roughly the size of a man on horseback).Hess relates how Civil War soldiers on both sides when in trenchs had to keep their heads down. If they stuck their head up they would have it blown off. This is a reality of a battlefield only where there are rifles. A smoothbore musket just can't hit small targets. Officers in the musket period considered such pot shots just a waste ammunition.Consider also the tactics of the French and the English in the previous big conflicts waged with smoothbores. The French formed a tighthly packed column that marched slowly toward the enemy. Almost every General on both sides knew about Napoleon and his tactics. But no one ever adopted the slow moving column, because the rifle musket made such a tactic suicidal.We know that on the battlefield soldiers with smoothbores (mostly Confederates) quickly swapped them for rifles. Just as they prefered breach loaders and repeaters. Hess claims that smoothbores were just as effective as rifles. I guess those soldiers hadn't read this book.Hess is just flat out wrong when he implies that the adoption of the rifle had little effect. He can only get away with this silly statement because he sets up a straw man expectation which he then refutes. The poor doofus is so desparate to say something original that he denies the obvious. Voodoo Ballistics by David C. Nance from Tampa area on 2009-01-26 This is a reasonably interesting book except for one error. Unfortunately this error is one of the major points made by the author. He notes that "bullets fired from the new musket followed a parabolic trajectory unlike those fired from smoothbores" I wish he had let us all in on what kind of miraculous trajectory is followed by the ball fired from a smoothbore musket. ALL ballistic projectiles follow a parabolic trajectory. The ultimate range and the steepness of the trajectory at various ranges is dependent on the initial velocity of the projectile and its shape, not on whether it was fired from a rifled barrel or a smoothbore.If the smoothbore had such a superior trajectory, why would the army want to switch to a more expensive, less capable weapon?I think the authors point that the average soldier's lack of training in estimating ranges and making the sight adjustments necessary to hit at those ranges was well taken. This one fact would negate a lot of the rifles theoretical advantages, and probably explains why the ratio of hits to shots fired was so low.Another important factor in explaining why the rifle musket failed to live up to its potential is simply the stress of combat inevitably degrades both the weapon and the soldiers theoretically possible level of performance. Its one thing to be able to hit a target at 500 yards on a target range, it's something else entirely when the target is shooting back. The reasons why by James W. Durney from Tampa Bay area on 2008-10-15 Studying the Civil War is a process in which we start to move from who and when to why. Who is the process of learning about the personalities involved and how the interact. When is learning about events during the war, both of these can be very detailed. The majority of books written about the war deal with who or when. These books tend to concentrate on the selected subject and do not deal with the physical actions of fighting. Why were officers always telling men to "aim low"? Why do we have so many accounts of bullets flying "overhead"? These accounts are always part of a battle history. We read this and continue with the main who or why subject, so these questions tend to be overlooked or given very few words. Why books are attempts to explain the reasons why these things happened. The American Civil War is the only major war fought with a muzzle loading rifle musket. Even as the war ended, early versions of the modern rifle were starting to be issued. A rifle musket had an extended range and could be lethal at a thousand yards and was expected to be used up to 500 yards, the old smoothbore musket was good to about 100 yards. Many people, starting with the war and continuing to our day, are enamored with this new weapon. They assume that a solider armed with a muzzle loading rifle musket would start killing at 800 yards away. This idea leads to the assumption that the greater capabilities and longer range made attacks costly, prolonged the war and made decisive battles impossible. However, very little of happened. At Gettysburg, if 150,000 men fire 40 rounds each for three days is eighteen million rounds fired. The statistics for other Civil War battles are similar with few men being hit for the number of bullets fired. Additionally, men carried forty rounds. If a muzzle loading rifle musket could be fired three times a minute, they had less than fifteen minutes worth of bullets. A number of authors are doing why books. Paddy Griffith, Brent Nosworthy, Mark Grimsley, Brian Holden Reid and Earl J. Hess are doing excellent work in this area. Their books are about training, standard operating procedure and how men used their weapon. Earl J. Hess is one of the most readable of this group. He has the ability to give us enough information to understand but not so much to induce sleep. Earl J. Hess has written an intelligent understandable account of the value and limits of the muzzle loading rifle musket. He has pulled together all the facts in a readable and enjoyable way. He covers the problems with the flight of the bullet, lack of training, difficulties in identifying targets and rates of fire. All of this gives the reader a look into life on the firing line with the touch of elbows. The development, use and training of snipers. What it was like skirmishing and the start of modern infantry tactics. This is a readable technical book for any person trying to understand how regiments fought. It should not be limited to reenacters or those who wish to specialize in weapons. Each Civil War student needs one good why book to help them understand the war. This is one of the best and should be considered for your library.

U.S. 3-inch Parrott Rifle - Civil War Cannon Description This replica of the 3-inch Parrott Rifle has been authentically reproduced in 1:6 scale from US Ordnance Dept. blueprints. It is cast in high-quality, heavy-weight polystone and real metal parts. All gun implements are removable to allow maximum display flexibility. The rifle barrel and wheels are also movable.

Denix 1853 Civil War Enfield Rifle Musket List Price: $199.99 Sale Price: $169.95 You save: $30.04 (15%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours Average Rating: Description The British pattern 1853 rifle musket was the second most widely used infantry weapon of the Civil War. Both Federal and Confederate troops used the rifle throughout the war and almost one million were shipped to the combattants from several British manufacturers Features The british pattern rifle musket was the second most widely used infantry weapon Both federal and confederate troops used the rifle Features a barrel Length of 38-5/8inches Reviews FAKE by Lauren Whitney from Schofield Barracks, HI USA on 2010-02-02 This is a DISPLAY item, and DOES NOT FIRE. It doesn't say so in the description so I thought I'd add it here.Thanks.

Civil War Rifle - Pewter Belt Buckle List Price: $30.00 Sale Price: $20.95 You save: $9.05 (30%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 4-5 business days Description This finely sculpted and enameled pewter belt buckle contains exceptional 3D detailing. Siskiyou's unique buckle designs often become collector's items and are unequaled with the best in American craftsmanship. Made in the USA. Features Buckle is approx 3.25 inches wide Made in the USA

Civil War Flag Knife Rifle Sword Hat Picture Oak Framed Art Print List Price: $119.00 Sale Price: $34.95 You save: $84.05 (71%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days Description This beautiful framed art goes well in any room. Artwork and frame are manufactured in the United States by Art Prints Inc. using quality materials such as premium grade A solid hardwood, tempered picture frame glass, and high quality acid free lithograph art paper. Features Framed Art is Brand New Framed Art measures 19x23 inches Art Print measures 16x20 inches Solid Wood Frame, Real Glass Front Custom Finished and Expertly Crafted Comes Ready To Hang

Framed, Confederate Civil War Flag...1st South Carolina Rifles Sale Price: $24.99   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days Description This is a new, framed Civil War reproduction of the Confederate Colors carried by the 1st South Carolina Regiment of Rifles, also known as Orr's Rifles.This 9" x 6.5" flag is new and made of cotton muslin. It is in a 10" x 12" wood frame. This item is custom made and can not be found anywhere else. Features 1st SOUTH CAROLINA REGIMENT OF RIFLES Custom made by USFlags11

Wargame Construction Set III: Age of Rifles 1846 - 1905 Sale Price: $38.00 Average Rating: Description This game lets you design and play turn-based strategic battles. You can create scenarios betwen years 1846 and 1905. You have complete control over all the units, and can customize their firepower, movement points, strength, aggressiveness, etc.Supports 1 or 2 players. Comes with pre-made scenarios and various campaigns (American civil war, Russo-Japanesse War, Franco-Prussian,...).The graphics win the respect the first two WCS (I and Tanks!), and now you can view your troops in the field Features For MS DOS , Windows 95 / 98 Includes 8 Campaigns & 62 Scenarios Reviews Old but good by TheNelsonTouch from AlongtheCoast on 2009-08-11 I played this game lots over 10 years ago. Although the graphics are far below what is available today, this game was quite entertaining and lots of fun. One of the best features allowed players to design/customize their own troop uniforms. The turn based sequence worked reasonably well for its day. I wish a developer would go back and update games like this with modern graphics etc.

Civil War Educational Resources: The Civil War DVD DVD (1954) List Price: $7.99 Sale Price: $4.99 Description This film, made by Encyclopedia Britannica, educates older school children about the American Civil War's most important events, with special focus on the social, economic, and geographical elements of each battle. Civil War weapons and Civil War flags clash in this great educational video. Striking visuals include Civil War reenactments, animated drawings, and color photography. Because this is a vintage film, it's also interesting to see how the Civil War sites were much less developed in the 1950's. The major battles of the Civil War is a large topic and this film provides an excellent overview (not simply a list of Civil War battles), making a great classroom movie. Features Title: The Civil War Year: 1954 Run Time:14:57 Audio/Visual: Sound, Black & White

Bennington Rifles Sale Price: $0.99   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days